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Gilbert syndrome
Reviewed by Medicinsk Expert•Last updated: 2026-10-22•Condition

Gilbert Syndrome

Gilbert syndrome is a common, mild genetic condition characterized by occasional periods of elevated bilirubin in the blood, which may cause temporary yellowing of the skin and eyes under physical stress.

Overview

Gilbert syndrome is a relatively mild condition characterized by periods of elevated levels of a toxic substance called bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia). Bilirubin, which has an orange-yellow tint, is produced when red blood cells are broken down. This substance is removed from the body only after it undergoes a chemical reaction in the liver, which converts the toxic form of bilirubin (unconjugated bilirubin) to a nontoxic form called conjugated bilirubin.

People with Gilbert syndrome have a buildup of unconjugated bilirubin in their blood (unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia). In affected individuals, bilirubin levels fluctuate and very rarely increase to levels that cause jaundice, which is yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes.

Gilbert syndrome is a common condition that is estimated to affect 3 to 7 percent of Americans.

Symptoms

Gilbert syndrome is usually recognized in adolescence. If people with this condition have episodes of hyperbilirubinemia, these episodes are generally mild and typically occur when the body is under stress. Triggering factors can include:

  • Dehydration
  • Prolonged periods without food (fasting)
  • Illness
  • Vigorous exercise
  • Menstruation

Some individuals with Gilbert syndrome also experience abdominal discomfort or tiredness. However, approximately 30 percent of people with Gilbert syndrome have no signs or symptoms of the condition and are discovered only when routine blood tests reveal elevated unconjugated bilirubin levels.

Causes & Genetics

Changes in the UGT1A1 gene cause Gilbert syndrome. This gene provides instructions for making the

Frequently Asked Questions

To help manage or prevent episodes of increased bilirubin, it's advisable to avoid prolonged periods without food (fasting), stay well-hydrated, and get adequate rest. Managing stress, avoiding excessive alcohol consumption, and maintaining a balanced diet can also be beneficial. While vigorous exercise can be a trigger, moderate physical activity is generally healthy and encouraged.
Yes, because the UGT1A1 gene is involved in the metabolism of certain drugs and toxins, individuals with Gilbert syndrome may process some medications differently. This can potentially lead to higher levels of certain drugs in the bloodstream or increased side effects. It is important to inform your doctor and pharmacist about your Gilbert syndrome diagnosis before starting any new medications, especially those known to be metabolized by the UGT1A1 enzyme.
Gilbert syndrome is typically diagnosed through routine blood tests that show elevated levels of unconjugated bilirubin, especially after a period of fasting or stress. It is not considered a serious medical condition. It is a benign, lifelong condition that does not cause liver damage, liver disease, or require specific treatment. Many people are diagnosed incidentally and live without symptoms.
No, Gilbert syndrome is not associated with any long-term health complications or increased risks of liver disease, liver failure, or other serious medical conditions. It is a benign condition that does not progress or cause damage to the liver. Individuals with Gilbert syndrome have a normal life expectancy and do not typically require ongoing medical monitoring beyond the initial diagnosis.
Source: MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine

MedlinePlus brings together authoritative health information from the National Library of Medicine (NLM), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and other government agencies and health-related organizations.

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