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Ménière disease
Reviewed by Medicinsk Expert•Last updated: 2026-10-22•Condition

Ménière disease

Ménière disease is a disorder of the inner ear that causes recurring episodes of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss.

Overview

Ménière disease affects balance and hearing. It is characterized by sudden, unpredictable episodes of extreme dizziness (vertigo), a roaring sound in the ears (tinnitus), a feeling of pressure or fullness in the ears, and fluctuating hearing loss. These episodes can last several hours and are often accompanied by nausea and vomiting.

Symptoms

  • Sudden episodes of vertigo.
  • Tinnitus (roaring sound in the ears).
  • A feeling of fullness or pressure in the ears.
  • Fluctuating hearing loss, which may become permanent over time.
  • Ongoing unsteadiness between episodes.

Causes

The exact cause of Ménière disease is unknown, but it is believed to result from a combination of environmental and genetic factors. It is associated with endolymphatic hydrops, an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the inner ear that disrupts signals related to sound and balance. While researchers have investigated various risk factors—including viral infections, trauma, allergies, and migraines—no single factor has been identified as the primary cause.

Inheritance

Most cases of Ménière disease are sporadic, occurring in individuals with no family history of the condition. A small percentage of cases are familial and may follow an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, though no specific associated genes have been identified to date.

Frequently Asked Questions

Many patients find that limiting salt intake (to less than 1.5 grams per day), reducing caffeine and alcohol, and avoiding large meals before bedtime can help control fluid balance in the inner ear. Staying well hydrated with water and avoiding dehydration also support inner‑ear homeostasis. Regular, moderate exercise and stress‑management techniques such as yoga or mindfulness may further reduce episode frequency.
Hearing loss in Ménière disease often starts as a low‑frequency dip and may become progressively worse over years. Annual audiograms are recommended to track changes. If hearing loss becomes severe, hearing aids, cochlear implants, or bone‑anchored hearing systems may be considered. Early intervention can preserve quality of life.
Commonly used drugs include betahistine (a histamine analog that improves inner‑ear blood flow), diuretics (like hydrochlorothiazide) to reduce fluid buildup, and antihistamines or anti‑emetics for acute attacks. Some patients benefit from vestibular suppressants (e.g., meclizine) during an episode, but these should not be used long‑term. Discuss with your ENT or neurologist to tailor therapy to your specific symptoms.===
Ménière attacks usually last from a few minutes to several hours, but they can sometimes persist for 24 hours or more. Seek emergency care if you experience sudden, severe vertigo that is accompanied by vomiting, inability to stand or walk, or if you have a sudden, profound loss of hearing or a sudden, intense ringing that does not improve. These signs may indicate a more serious complication such as a stroke or a severe inner‑ear infection.
Source: MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine

MedlinePlus brings together authoritative health information from the National Library of Medicine (NLM), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and other government agencies and health-related organizations.

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