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Restless legs syndrome
Reviewed by Medicinsk Expert•Last updated: 2026-10-22•Condition

Restless legs syndrome

Restless legs syndrome is a common neurological disorder characterized by an irresistible urge to move the legs, typically triggered by uncomfortable sensations during rest. This condition can significantly disrupt sleep and impact overall quality of life.

Description

Restless legs syndrome is a neurological condition that causes an irresistible urge to move the legs. The movement is triggered by strange or uncomfortable feelings, often described as crawling, pulling, or itching, deep within both legs. The feelings usually occur while the affected person is sitting or lying down and are worse at night. Movement, such as kicking, stretching, rubbing, or pacing, make the discomfort go away, at least temporarily. The unpleasant feelings and the resulting need to move the legs often make it difficult for an affected person to fall asleep or stay asleep.

The signs and symptoms of restless legs syndrome range from mild to severe; people with mild cases may experience symptoms a few times a month, while those with more severe cases may have symptoms every night. In severe cases, the uncomfortable feelings can affect the arms or other parts of the body in addition to the legs.

Many people with restless legs syndrome also experience uncontrollable, repetitive leg movements that occur while they are sleeping or while relaxed or drowsy. When these movements occur during sleep, they are called periodic limb movements of sleep (PLMS); when they occur while a person is awake, they are called periodic limb movements of wakefulness (PLMW). It is unclear whether PLMS and PLMW are features of restless legs syndrome itself or represent similar, but separate, conditions.

Restless legs syndrome and PLMS can affect the quality and amount of sleep. As a result of these conditions, affected individuals may have difficulty concentrating during the day, and some develop mood swings, depression, or other health problems.

Early-Onset vs. Late-Onset RLS

  • Early-onset restless legs syndrome: Begins before age 45, and sometimes as early as childhood. The signs and symptoms of this form usually worsen slowly with time.
  • Late-onset restless legs syndrome: Begins after age 45, and its signs and symptoms tend to worsen more rapidly.

Frequency

Restless legs syndrome is one of the most common sleep and movement disorders. It affects an estimated 5 to 10 percent of adults and 2 to 4 percent of children in the United States. For unknown reasons, the disorder affects women more often than men. The prevalence of restless legs syndrome increases with age.

Causes

Restless legs syndrome likely results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors, many of which are unknown.

Studies suggest that restless legs syndrome is related to a shortage (deficiency) of iron in certain parts of the brain. Iron is involved in several critical activities in brain cells, including the production of a chemical messenger (neurotransmitter) called dopamine. Among its many functions, dopamine triggers signals within the nervous system that help the brain control physical movement. Researchers believe that malfunction of the dopamine signaling system may underlie the abnormal movements in people with restless legs syndrome. However, it is unclear how iron deficiency is related to abnormal dopamine signaling, or how these changes in the brain lead to the particular signs and symptoms of the condition.

Variations in several genes have been studied as risk factors for restless legs syndrome. Most of these genes are thought to be involved in the development of nerve cells (neurons) before birth. It is unclear whether any of the genes play roles in brain iron levels or in dopamine signaling. Variations in known genes appear to account for only a small percentage of the risk of developing restless legs syndrome. Changes in other genes, which have not been identified, probably also contribute to this complex disorder. Researchers suspect that the early-onset form of restless legs syndrome is more likely than the late-onset form to have a genetic basis.

Nongenetic factors are also thought to play a role in restless legs syndrome. For example, several other disorders increase the risk of developing the condition. These include:

  • End-stage renal disease (a life-threatening failure of kidney function)
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Parkinson's disease
  • Low iron levels associated with a shortage of red blood cells
  • Pregnancy (symptoms usually improve or go away after the woman gives birth)

Restless legs syndrome can also be triggered by medications, including certain drugs used to treat nausea, depression and other mental health disorders, colds and allergies, heart problems, and high blood pressure. Use of caffeine, nicotine, or alcohol can also trigger restless legs syndrome or make the signs and symptoms worse. In these cases, the condition usually

Frequently Asked Questions

Seek evaluation if symptoms interfere with daily functioning, if you notice worsening frequency or intensity, if you have unexplained fatigue, or if you suspect an underlying cause like iron deficiency or kidney disease. A clinician can order blood tests, review medications, and prescribe targeted treatments such as dopamine agonists, gabapentin, or iron supplementation.
Certain drugs such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), dopamine antagonists, and antihistamines can exacerbate RLS. If you need these medications, discuss dose adjustments or switching to alternatives like bupropion or non‑dopaminergic antidepressants with your prescriber. In some cases, adding a low‑dose dopamine agonist or iron supplement may help.
Common triggers include prolonged sitting or lying down, caffeine or alcohol intake, nicotine, and hot or cold environments. Try to move or stretch every 30–60 minutes, keep caffeine and alcohol low, and maintain a cool, comfortable bedroom temperature. Using a warm compress or a gentle foot massage before bed can also reduce symptoms.
RLS often causes difficulty falling asleep and frequent awakenings, leading to non‑restorative sleep. Good sleep hygiene includes a consistent bedtime routine, limiting screen exposure before bed, using a dark, quiet room, and practicing relaxation techniques such as deep breathing or progressive muscle relaxation. If symptoms persist, consider a sleep study to rule out periodic limb movements of sleep.
Source: MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine

MedlinePlus brings together authoritative health information from the National Library of Medicine (NLM), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and other government agencies and health-related organizations.

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