MCOLN1 gene
The MCOLN1 gene provides instructions for making the mucolipin-1 protein, which is essential for lysosomal function and the maintenance of brain and retinal health.
Normal Function
The MCOLN1 gene provides instructions for making a protein called mucolipin-1. This protein is located in the membranes of lysosomes and endosomes, compartments within the cell that digest and recycle materials. While its function is not completely understood, mucolipin-1 plays a role in the transport (trafficking) of fats (lipids) and proteins between lysosomes and endosomes.
Mucolipin-1 acts as a channel, allowing positively charged atoms (cations) to cross the membranes of lysosomes and endosomes. It remains unclear which cations are allowed to flow through this channel. Mucolipin-1 appears to be important for the development and maintenance of the brain and light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye (retina). In addition, this protein is likely critical for normal functioning of the cells in the stomach that produce digestive acids.
Health Conditions Related to Genetic Changes
Mucolipidosis type IV
At least 22 mutations in the MCOLN1 gene have been found to cause mucolipidosis type IV. Most of these mutations result in the production of a nonfunctional protein or prevent any protein from being produced.
- Two mutations account for almost all cases in people with Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry.
- The most common mutation, 406-2A>G, is a splice-site mutation that introduces a premature stop signal.
- Another mutation, 511_6943del, deletes a large amount of DNA near the beginning of the gene.
A lack of functional mucolipin-1 impairs the transport of lipids and proteins, causing these substances to build up inside lysosomes. It remains unclear how these mutations lead to delayed development of mental and motor skills (psychomotor delay), progressive vision loss, and impaired secretion of stomach acid (achlorhydia).