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NTN1 gene

Reviewed by Medicinsk Expert•Last updated: 2026-10-22•Gene

NTN1 gene

The NTN1 gene provides instructions for making netrin-1, a protein that guides the growth of axons during the development of the nervous system.

Normal Function

The NTN1 gene provides instructions for making a protein called netrin-1, which is involved in the development of the nervous system. This protein attaches (binds) to a protein called the netrin-1 receptor, and these two proteins fit together like a lock and key. The binding of netrin-1 to its receptor helps direct the growth of specialized nerve cell extensions called axons. Axons transmit nerve impulses that can signal muscle movement.

When the brain sends a signal to trigger muscle movement, the signal usually travels from one half of the brain to the opposite side of the body. Binding netrin-1 to its receptor allows axons to develop this signaling pathway.

Health Conditions Related to Genetic Changes

Congenital mirror movement disorder

NTN1 gene variants have been identified in people with congenital mirror movement disorder, a condition in which intentional movements of one side of the body are mirrored by involuntary movements of the other side of the body. These variants change single protein building blocks (amino acids) in the netrin-1 protein or cause cells to produce an abnormally short version of the protein. Without functional netrin-1 proteins, the growth of axons during nervous system development is not properly directed. As a result, movement signals that originate in one half of the brain are transmitted to both sides of the body, leading to mirror movements.

Other Names for This Gene

  • MRMV4
  • NET1
  • NTN1L

Frequently Asked Questions

The hallmark symptom is involuntary mirroring of movements; when a person intentionally moves one hand or arm, the opposite hand or arm makes the same movement simultaneously. This can make tasks requiring independent hand use, such as writing, playing musical instruments, or typing, difficult or impossible. Some individuals may also experience difficulty with fine motor coordination.
The NTN1 gene produces netrin-1, a protein that guides axons (nerve fibers) during brain development to ensure they cross to the opposite side of the body. When NTN1 variants disrupt this guidance, axons may fail to cross properly or may cross to both sides. This results in brain signals for movement being sent to both the intended and the opposite side of the body, causing the mirroring effect.
The condition is generally non-progressive, meaning the neurological wiring established at birth does not worsen over time. While there is no cure to reverse the underlying genetic cause, occupational therapy can help individuals develop compensatory strategies and improve functional independence. In some cases, physical therapy and adaptive devices can assist with daily activities.
Yes, genetic testing can identify specific variants in the NTN1 gene associated with congenital mirror movement disorder. However, not all cases of mirror movements are caused by NTN1 mutations, as other genes (such as DCC) can also be involved. A diagnosis is often made clinically based on the pattern of movements, but genetic testing can provide a definitive molecular diagnosis and help with family counseling.
Source: MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine

MedlinePlus brings together authoritative health information from the National Library of Medicine (NLM), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and other government agencies and health-related organizations.