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Zika Virus Test

Reviewed by Medicinsk Expert•Last updated: 2026-10-22•Lab Tests

Zika Virus Test

A Zika virus test identifies signs of infection in your blood or urine, which is particularly important for pregnant women due to potential risks to the fetus.

Overview

Zika is a flavivirus typically spread by mosquitoes in tropical climates. Because the virus can enter bodily fluids, it can also be transmitted through sex or from a pregnant woman to her fetus. There are two primary types of tests:

  • Molecular tests (NAAT/NAT/PCR): These look for the virus's genetic material in blood or urine. This is the recommended test for pregnant women.
  • Antibody tests: These check your blood for proteins produced by your immune system to fight the virus. These are most accurate when performed at least a week after symptoms begin.

What is it used for?

The test is primarily used for pregnant women who have traveled to or had sexual contact with someone from an area with a risk of Zika. Infection during pregnancy is linked to serious health issues for the fetus, including:

  • Microcephaly (severe brain development issues)
  • Cerebral palsy
  • Vision or hearing problems
  • Congenital Zika syndrome
  • Increased risk of miscarriage or stillbirth

In rare cases, Zika can trigger Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), a disorder where the immune system attacks the nervous system.

Why do I need a Zika virus test?

You may need testing if you are pregnant and have traveled to or had sexual contact with someone from a high-risk area. Testing may also be ordered if you exhibit symptoms, though many people remain asymptomatic. Common symptoms include:

  • Fever
  • Rash
  • Joint or muscle pain
  • Headache
  • Red eyes (conjunctivitis)

What happens during a test?

Testing involves a blood or urine sample:

  • Blood test: A professional will draw blood from a vein in your arm using a small needle.
  • Urine test: You will be provided with a container and instructions for a "clean catch" collection to ensure the sample is not contaminated by skin bacteria.

Frequently Asked Questions

For pregnant women, a molecular (PCR) test is most accurate within the first 7–14 days after exposure or symptom onset. Antibody tests are best performed at least 7 days after symptoms begin, as antibodies take time to develop. If you are asymptomatic but have been exposed, a PCR test is still recommended during the first two weeks.
If you are within the first two weeks of potential exposure or have symptoms, a molecular test (PCR) is preferred because it detects viral RNA directly. If more than two weeks have passed or if you are asymptomatic but were exposed earlier, an antibody test may be used to detect past infection. Your clinician will decide based on timing and risk factors.
False negatives can occur if the test is done too early (before viral RNA is detectable) or if the sample is improperly collected. Antibody tests can give false positives due to cross‑reactivity with other flaviviruses like dengue. Confirmatory testing and repeat samples can help reduce misinterpretation.
You should notify your obstetrician immediately. Avoid mosquito bites by using repellents and bed nets, and practice safe sex to prevent further spread. Your provider may recommend additional monitoring, such as ultrasounds to check fetal development, and may discuss options for managing the pregnancy.===
Source: MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine

MedlinePlus brings together authoritative health information from the National Library of Medicine (NLM), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and other government agencies and health-related organizations.